ORĐABÓK - ENSK


A/B Switch:
A switch that selects one of two inputs (A or B) for routing to a common output while providing adequate isolating between the two signals.

Access Control System - ACS:
Access Control System/s, comprising all conditional access components such as S/1, IDAC, ISAC, minicons, etc...

ACS number:
This is the version number of the cards software.
There are several different software versions: 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 en 3.82, 3.83.
Versions 1.4 and 1.6 are almost identical.

Adaptation Header:
A block of data that forms an extension to a transport packet header. It may be of fixed format and/or of general data

Adjacent Channel:
An adjacent channel is immediately next to another channel in frequency. For example, PAL channels 5 and 6 as well as 8 and 9 are adjacent.

Alignment:
The process of fine tuning a dish or an electronic circuit to maximize its sensitivity and signal receiving capability.

Alphacrypt:
The Irdeto successor, decodes both Irdeto and Betacrypt.

AM:
An abbreviation for amplitude modulation.

Analog:
A system in which signals vary continuously in contrast to a digital system in which signals vary in discrete steps.

Analogue-to-Digital Converter:
A circuit that converts analogue signals to an equivalent digital form. The varying analogue signal is sampled at a series of points in time. The voltage at each of these points is then represented by a series of numbers, the digital value of the sample. The higher this sampling frequency, the finer are the gradations and the more accurately is the signal represented

Antenna:
A device that collects and focuses electromagnetic energy, i.e., contributes an energy gain. Satellite dishes, broadband antenna and cut-to-channel antennas are some types of antennas encountered. In the case of satellite dishes, gain is proportional to the surface area of the microwave reflector.

Antenna Efficiency:
The percentage of incoming satellite signal actually captured by an antenna system.

Aperture:
The collection area of a parabolic dish.

Aperture Blocking:
An obstruction such as the feed assembly which causes a blocking of the incoming signal.

Asciiserial:
The number that identifies the card. It is also printed on the card in bar-code.
Although it is accessible by software, to my knowledge it is never really used.
It only serves identification purposes.

Aspect Ratio:
The ratio of television screen width to height. The standard aspect ratio is 4 to 3.

Aston Seca:
Although the real name for the coding system is Mediaguard, it is often referred to as Seca or Aston Seca. Mediaguard is developed by Seca, so the also used name Seca Mediaguard is more suitable. Aston is a company that builds the CAM's (among others) that are used to decode the Mediaguard system.
The Seca Mediaguard coding is used by the Canal + organization which is no wonder. Canal + is shareholder in the Seca organization and it also takes part in the development of the Mediaguard coding system. Because of the influence of Canal +, the Seca Mediaguard system is very popular in France.

Attenuation:
The decrease in signal power that occurs in a device or when a signal travels to reach a destination point (path loss).

Attenuator:
A passive device which reduces the power of a signal. Attenuators are rated according to the amount of signal attenuation.

ATR:
Answer To Reset, or ATR for short, is the string a smart card sends to the receiver upon every reset. The ATR of each smart card conforms to the ISO7816-3 specifications. The ATR contains information about the card, for instance information on how the receiver should communicate with the card: Voltage, Amp, Baudrate, Synchronous or Asynchronous communication etc.

Audio Subcarrier:
The carrier wave that transmits audio information within a video broadcast signal. Satellite transmissions can relay more than a single audio subcarrier in the frequency range between 5 and 8.5 MHz.

Auto Update:
The auto update (AU) technique makes sure the card is kept up to date in order to provide the correct keys to the CAM when requested. Providers will regularly change their operational keys and unless you have a valid set of management keys, you will soon be left with a black screen. For different coding systems, the actual keys that are used for decoding, have different names. For instance, in Irdeto they are called Plainkeys and for Seca they are called Operational Keys.

Automatic Brightness Control:
A television circuit used to automatically adjust picture tube brightness in response to changes in background or ambient light.

Automatic Fine Tuning:
A circuit that automatically maintains the correct tuner oscillator frequency and compensates for drift and for moderate amounts of inaccurate tuning. Similar to AFC.

Automatic Frequency Control - AFC:
A circuit that locks an electronic component to a chosen frequency, so that the the tuning will not drift from that chosen frequency.

Automatic Gain Control - AGC:
A circuit that uses feedback to maintain the output of an electronic component at a constant level. This is achieved by locking the gain onto a fixed value and thus compensating for varying input signal levels keeping the output constant.

Azimuth-Elevation (Az-El) Mount:
A dish mount that tracks satellites by moving in two directions: the azimuth in the horizontal plane and elevation up from the horizon.

Azimuth:
A compass bearing expressed in degrees of rotation clockwise from true north. It is one of the two coordinates, azimuth and elevation, used to align a satellite dish.

Band:
A range of frequencies.

Band Separator:
A device that splits a group of specified frequencies into two or more bands. Common types include UHF/VHF, Hi/Lo-band and FM separators. This device is essentially a set of filters.

Bandpass Filter:
A circuit or device that allows only a specified range of frequencies to pass from input to output.

Bandwidth:
The frequency range allocated to any communication circuit.

Baseband:
The raw audio and video signals prior to modulation and broadcasting. Most satellite headend equipment utilizes baseband inputs. More exactly, the composite unclamped, non-de-emphasized and unfiltered receiver output. This signal contains the complete set of FM modulated audio and data subcarriers

Beamwidth:
A measure used to describe the width of vision of a dish. Beamwidth is measured as degrees between the 3 dB half power points

Betacrypt:
A coding system very similar to Irdeto and used by the German provider Premiere World.

Bit Error Rate - BER:
The number of errors in a data stream usually expressed a ratio to the total number of bits in which an error occurs. For example, 1 in 10 7 or 10 -7

Bits per Second - BPS:
The number of bits transmitted each second

Blanking Pulse Level:
The reference level for video signals. The blanking pulses must be aligned at the input to the picture tube.

Blanking Signal:
Pulses used to extinguish the scan illumination during horizontal and vertical retrace periods.

Block Downconversion:
The process of lowering the entire band of frequencies in one step to some intermediate range to be processed inside a satellite receiver. Multiple block downconversion receivers are capable of independently selecting channels because each can process the entire block of signals.

Blocker:
Every now and then, some providers will send signals that will effect pirate cards only. The intention of these signals is to disable pirate cards. In order to make sure these unwanted signals don't reach and disable your original card, you can use a blocker. There are 2 ways to block signals: software- and hardware blockers.

Bootloader:
A bootloader is the first program, executed whenever you turn your receiver on. The bootloader will ensure that the receivers operating system is started. The operating system of a satellite receiver is usually called the firmware.

Bouquet:
A group of services offered. The operator may also market a bouquet as a product such as `The Basic Bouquet.'

Broadband:
A device that processes a signal(s) spanning a relatively broad range of input frequencies

C-Band:
The 3.625 to 4.2 GHz band of frequencies at which some broadcast satellites operate.

Card doubler:
A device that enables you to use 2 cards in 1 CAM simultaneously.

Card group:
A card group is just another name for provider group.

Carrier:
A pure-frequency signal that is modulated to carry information. In the process of modulation it is spread out over a wider band. The carrier frequency is the center frequency on any television channel.

Carrier-to-Noise Ratio - C/N:
The ratio of the received carrier power to the noise power in a given bandwidth, expressed in decibels. The C/N is an indicator of how well an receive system will perform in a particular location, and is calculated from satellite power levels, dish gain and the system noise temperature.

Cassegrain Feed System:
A dish feed design that includes a primary reflector, the dish, and a secondary reflector which redirects microwaves via a waveguide to a low noise amplifier.

CB20 selection:
A smart card can be addressed and modified in 3 ways:
1. By using the hex serial, individual cards can be addressed
2. Through the card group number, all 256 cards in that group can be addressed simultaneously
3. Within a card group a selection of individual cards can be addressed by means of a CB20 selection (max. 256 cards)

CCD:
Charge coupled device. In this device charge is stored on a capacitor which are etched onto a chip. A number of samples can be simultaneously stored. Used in MAC transmissions for temporarily storing video signals.

Channel:
A segment of bandwidth used for one complete communication link.

Channel ID:
Is used to select a channel.
The correct combination of key and channel ID will activate the key.

Characteristic Impedance:
The impedance in ohms of a device in the path of a communication signal such as a cable, a connector or the input of an amplifier.

Chrominance:
The hue and saturation of a color. The chrominance signal is modulated onto a 4.43 MHz carrier in the PAL television system and a 3.58 MHz carrier in the NTSC television system.

Chrominance Signal:
The color component of the composite baseband video signal assembled from the I and Q portions. Phase angle of the signal represents hue and amplitude represents color saturation.

Circular Polarity:
Electromagnetic waves whose electric field uniformly rotates along the signal path. Broadcasts used by Intelsat and other international satellites use circular, not horizontally or vertically polarized waves as are common in North American and European transmissions

Clamp Circuit:
A circuit that removes the dispersion waveform from the downlink signal.

Clamped Outputs:
Satellite receiver outputs that have the energy dispersal waveform removed. Unclamped outputs are often required as input to a decoder.

Clarke Belt:
The circular orbital belt at 35 786 kilometers above the equator, named after the writer Arthur C. Clarke, in which satellites travel at the same speed as the earth's rotation. Also called the geostationary orbit.

Coaxial Cable:
A cable for transmitting high frequency electrical signals with low loss. It is composed of an internal conducting wire surrounded by an insulating dielectric which is further protected by a metal shield. The impedance of coax is a product of the radius of the central conductor, the radius of the shield and the dielectric constant of the insulation. In most satellite and SMATV systems, coax impedance is 75 ohms.

Color Sync Burst:
A burst of 8 to 11 cycles in the 4.43361875 MHz (PAL) or 3.579545 MHz (NTSC) color subcarrier frequency. This waveform is located on the back porch of each horizontal blanking pulse during color transmissions. It serves to synchronize the color subcarrier's oscillator with that of the transmitter in order to recreate the raw color signals.

Common Interface:
Common Interface (CI) is a PCMCIA slot in the satellite receiver in which CAM's can be put. All multicrypt receivers use Common Interfaces.

Common Scrambling Algorithm:
This is the coding algorithm as specified by DVB. The CSA was designed to make transmitted signals safe from hackers. For the provider the real advantage is that CSA is universal to several types of CAM's. This means that a provider who for instance broadcasts in both Seca and Viaccess, can send EMM's and ECM's with the transmission, but each CAM will only react to the commands which are meant for that CAM. All other commands are ignored.

Composite Baseband Signal:
The complete audio and video signal without a carrier wave. Satellite signals have audio baseband information ranging in frequency from zero to 3400 Hertz. NTSC video baseband is from zero to 4.2 MHz. PAL video baseband ranges from 0 to 5.5 MHz.

Composite Video Signal:
The complete video signal consisting of the chrominance and luminance information as well as all sync and blanking pulses.

Companding:
A form of noise reduction using compression at the transmitting end and expansion at the receiver. A compressor is an amplifier that increases its gain for lower power signals. The effect is to boost these components into a form having a smaller dynamic range. A compressed signal has a higher average level, and therefore, less apparent loudness than an uncompressed signal, even though the peaks are no higher in level. An expander reverses the effect of the compressor to restore the original signal.

Compressor:
A unit that accepts uncompressed video, audio and data and then digitizes and compresses these signals

Compression System:
A collection of compressors, multiplexers and modulators that generate one multiplex signal

Conax:
A coding system which is used a lot in the Scandinavian countries.

Conditional Access:
Conditional Access (CA) is a technology, used for coding and authorizing in DVB systems. The control mechanism is used to limit access by decoders to only the subscribed or free services on a multiplex.
A Conditional Access System (CAS) contains a few basic elements: SMS and SAS.

Conditional Access Module (CAM):
A Conditional Access Module (CAM) is the module into which the CA system is built in. CAM's can be found as separatemodules to put into the CI of your receiver, but they are also sometimes built fix into the receiver. In that case they are called embedded CAM.
The CAM contains all software, needed to decode a certain scrambling system and also the necessary software to enable it to communicate with your smart card.

Conditional Access Table (CAT):
Conditional Access Table. A table that relates entitlement management message (EMM) data streams to the conditional access (CA) vendor(s) managing the decoder base.

Control Word:
A Control Word (CW) is a data package containing the coded key for the coding algorithm of your smart card.

Countrycode (COCO):
A 3 digit code, used to inform the CAM/receiver which group of channels should be validated.

Crd's:
You can regard Crd files as a kind of macro files. They contain command strings, used to update your smart card.

Cross Modulation:
A form of interference caused by the modulation of one carrier affecting that of another signal. It can be caused by overloading an amplifier as well as by signal imbalances at the headend.

Cross Polarization:
Term to describe signals of the opposite polarity to another being transmitted and received. Cross-polarization discrimination refers to the ability of a feed to detect one polarity and reject the signals having the opposite sense of polarity

Crosstalk:
Interference between adjacent channels often caused by cross modulation. Leakage can occur between two wires, PCB tracks or parallel cables.

Cryptedkey (Key) & Plainkey:
These are respectively a coded and a uncoded form of the same key.
To make things even more complicated than they already are, the cryptedkey is often simply referred to as key.
The cryptedkey contains a combination of the date, that key was sent, the plainkey and the Plainmasterkey, all coded into 1 key. The cryptedkey is sent to the card on a regular basis. It validates the subscription of the user, therewith enabling the user to view certain channels. The cryptedkey ensures correct decoding of a validated channel. The plainkey is the uncoded version of the cryptedkey.

Crypto Works:
A relative newcomer among the coding systems is Crypto Works. This system is developed by the Dutch based Philips.

Customer Word Pointer:
The 4th byte in the PPUA string is called the CWP (or Customer Word Pointer). It is used to address individual cards. The CWP is used only in MOSC cards.

Date:
The date on a card is used by the provider to activate or deactivate channels.

De-emphasis:
A reduction of the higher frequency portions of an FM signal used to neutralize the effects of pre-emphasis. When combined with the correct level of pre-emphasis, it reduces overall noise levels and therefore increases the output S/N ratio

Declination Offset Angle:
The adjustment angle of a polar mount between the polar axis and the plane of a satellite antenna used to aim at the geosynchronous arc. Declination increases from zero with latitude away from the equator.

Decoder:
A circuit that restores a signal to its original form after it has been scrambled.

Decoder Management:
A sub-system on the BS, managing all decoder/smartcard related information such as function testing, keysafing information, etc...

Decoding Time Stamp - TS:
A 90 kHz referenced time stamp indicating when the contents of a packetized elementary stream (PES) packet should be decoded

Demodulator:
A device which extracts the baseband signal from the transmitted carrier wave.

Digital:
Describes a system or device in which information is transferred by electrical [on-off], [high-low], or [1/0] pulses instead of continuously varying signals or states as in an analog message.

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS):
A term commonly used to describe Ku-band broadcasts via satellite directly to individual end-users. The DBS band ranges from 11.7 to 12.75 GHz.

Direct programming lines:
If the eeprom on a card is directly connected to the cards contacts, then the eeprom can be programmed independently from the processor. When this is the case, those direct connections are called the direct programming lines. You will find DPL on SMD or HMD cards only. Goldwafers don't utilize DPL and will therefor always need a loader file in the processor chip in order to program the eeprom on the card.

Downconverter:
A circuit that lowers the high frequency signal to a lower, intermediate range. There are three distinct types of downconversion used in satellite receivers: single downconversion; dual downconversion; and block downconversion.

Downlink Antenna:
The antenna on-board a satellite which relays signals back to earth.

DPSC:
DPSC is short for Digital Pirate SatelliteCard. These cards are sold with working keys. Prices can be up to several hundreds of Euros for multi provider cards. Usually these cards contain a sort of timing routine which ensures that the cards are disabled after a certain period of use. But these cards will also be closed by provider attacks through the use of ECM's.

Drifting:
An instability in a preset voltage, frequency or other electronic circuit parameter.

DTH:
Direct-To-Home satellite broadcasts.

Dual-Band Feed:
A feed which can simultaneously receive two different bands, typically the C and Ku-bands.

DVB:
DVB is short for Digital Video Broadcasting, or digital satellite TV.

DVB Bouquet:
The DVB SI tables includes a Bouquet Association Table (the BAT). The DVB definition for a "bouquet" is "a group of services logically grouped together". The intention of the DVB Bouquet is usually to group services that are managed by one entity together. "DVB" is added before the name to distinguish it from the "SMS" bouquet.

Earth Station:
A complete satellite receiving or transmitting station including the dish, electronics and all associated equipment necessary to receive or transmit satellite signals. Also known as a ground station.

ECM:
ECM is short for Entitlement Control Message. These are commands which are used to control the working of your card. ECM's are always sent as packets. Such a packet is called a Control Word (CW) and it contains coded keys, ID's etc. needed to decode the signal. In other words, the ECM identifies the service and the conditions that have to be met in order to use that service. Providers will also use fake ECM's to disable pirate cards. That is why a lot of people translate ECM as Electronic Counter Measure.

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP):
A measure of the signal strength that a satellite transmits towards the earth below. The EIRP is highest at the center of the beam and decreases at angles away from the boresight.

Electronic Program Guide (EPG):
The Electronic Program Guide is broadcasted along with all other data.

Elementary Stream (ES):
A stream carrying a single stream of, typically of presentation data, such as a single audio or video data stream

Elementary Stream Clock Reference (ESCR):
Elementary Stream Clock ReferenceA 42-bit counter clocked at 27 MHz which is used for synchronizing data

Elevation Angle:
The vertical angle measured from the horizon up to a target satellite.

EMM:
EMM is short for Entitlement Management Messages. EMM's are composed of the information, contained in the SAS and will always be sent together with the ECM. EMM's contain information about the subscriber and the status of the subscription. They are used to transfer information about authorization, but they will also carry new keys, or modify or delete existing keys.

Encoder:
An entity that compressed a single data stream

Energy Dispersal:
The modulation of an uplink carrier with a triangular waveform. This technique disperses the carrier energy over a wider bandwidth than otherwise would be the case in order to limit the maximum energy compared to that transmitted by an unclamped carrier. This triangular waveform is removed by a clamp circuit in a satellite receiver.

EPG:
EPG is short for Electronic Program Guide.

Equalizing Pulses:
A series of six pulses occurring before and after the serrated vertical sync pulse to ensure proper interlacing. The equalizing pulses are inserted at twice the horizontal scanning frequency.

Event:
An event is one particular transmission of a program. An event is known by its name, the service on which it is transmitted, the date and time of its broadcast and possibly additional information such as a part number. Events may be re-broadcast if the events are different

F-connector:
A standard RF connector used to link coax cables with electronic devices.

f/D Ratio:
The ratio of a dish's focal length to diameter. It describes dish depth.

Feed:
A device that collects microwave signals reflected from the surface of a dish. It is mounted at the focus of all prime focus parabolic dishes.

Field:
One half of a complete TV picture or frame, composed of 325 scanning lines. In the PAL broadcast system there are 50 fields per second.

File set:
A file set is a complete package of software and keys, needed to program a smart card. How the file set is composed, is dependent on the type of card it is made for. For PIC cards, a file set contains 2 files (the PIC file and the eeprom file). For AVR type cards like the Fun- and Jupiter cards, the file set contains 2 or 3 files (a flash file for the processor, an external eeprom file and sometimes an internal eeprom file).

Filter:
A device used to reject all but a specified range of frequencies. A bandpass filter allows only those signals within a given band to be communicated. A rejection filter, the mirror image of a bandpass filter, eliminates those signals within a specified band but passes all other frequencies.

Firmware:
The firmware is the operating system software for the receiver

FM:
An abbreviation for frequency modulation Focal Length - The distance from the reflective surface of a parabola to the point at which incoming satellite signals are focused, the focal point. Footprint - The geographic area towards which a satellite downlink antenna directs its signal. The measure of strength of this footprint is the EIRP.

Forward Error Correction (FEC):
FEC is a technique for improving the accuracy of data transmission. Excess bits are included in the out-going data stream so that error correction algorithms can be applied upon reception. On satellite links this is in the form of Reed-Solomon and convoluted Viterbi coding implemented at modulator/demodulator level.

Frame:
One complete TV picture, composed of two fields and a total of 525 and 625 scanning lines in NTSC and PAL systems, respectively.

Frequency:
The number of vibrations per second of an electrical or electromagnetic signal expressed in cycles per second or Hertz. Front-end Processor - FEP

Gain:
The amount of amplification of input to output power often expressed as a multiplicative factor or in decibels.

Gain-to-Noise Temperature Ratio (G/T):
The figure of merit of a dish and LNA. The higher the G/T, the better the reception capabilities of an earth station.

Ghosting:
A term used to describe the appearance of multiple TV images that is usually caused by reception of a signal via two different paths.

GigaHertz (GHz):
1000 MHz or one billion cycles per second.

Global Beam:
A footprint pattern used by communication satellites targeting nearly 40% of the earth's surface below. Many Intelsat satellites use global beams.

Ground Noise:
Unwanted microwave signals generated from the warm ground and detected by a dish.

Hall Effect Sensor:
A semiconductor device in which an output voltage is generated in response to the intensity of a magnetic field applied to a wire. In an actuator, the varying magnetic field is produced by the rotation of a permanent magnet past a thin wire. The pulses generated serve to count the number of rotations of the motor

Hardline:
A low-loss coaxial cable that has a continuous hard metal shield instead of a conductive braid around the outer perimeter. This type of cable was used in the pioneer days of satellite television.

Headend:
The portion of an SMATV or MMDS system where all desired signals are received and processed for subsequent distribution.

Heliax:
A thick low-loss cable used at high frequencies; also known as hard-line.

Hertz:
An abbreviation for the frequency measurement of one cycle per second. Named after Heinrich Hertz, the German scientist who first described the properties of radio waves.

Hexserial:
A 3 byte hexadecimal number which is used by the provider to address the smart card.

Hexmasterkey:
A 10 byte long hexadecimal number which is coded with the hexserial. The hexmasterkey is just a code which is used by the smart card to calculate the plainmasterkey from the masterkey. Without the hexmasterkey it is not possible to correctly update the plainmasterkey.

High Definition Television (HDTV):
An innovative television format having approximately twice the number of scan lines in order to improve picture resolution and viewing quality.

High Power Amplifier (HPA):
An amplifier used to amplify the uplink signal. Horizontal Blanking Pulse - The pulse that occurs between each horizontal scan line in an analogue television signal and extinguishes the beam illumination during the retrace period.

Horizontal Sync Pulse (HSP):
A 4.7 microsecond (in the PAL system) rectangular pulse riding on top of each horizontal blanking pulse. It synchronizes the horizontal scanning at the television set with that of the television camera.

HPA Room:
The space where radio frequency systems reside. These include modulators, group delay equalizers, upconverters, high power amplifiers and combiner systems

Hum Bars:
A form of interference seen as horizontal bars or black regions passing across the field of a television screen.

I Signal:
One of the two color video signals which modulate the color subcarrier. It represents those colors ranging from reddish orange to cyan.

Impedance:
The resistance to alternating current flow in an electrical circuit.

Impulse Pay Per View:
Impulse pay per view or interactive pay per view (ippv) is an extension of ordinary ppv. You no longer will be charged for a total event, but instead you are charged for the time you spent using the service.

Instructions:
Seca uses so called instruction bytes (INS) in order to communicate between CAM and smart card. These instructions are used for instance to request card- and provider data, authorization, ECM's and EMM's etc.

Integrated Decoder Access Control:
IDAC Integrated Receiver Decoder - IRD - A satellite receiver and decoder contained in one case Interference - An undesired signal intercepted by a TVRO that causes video and/or audio distortion.

Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD):
An integrated satellite receiver/decoder.

Insertion Loss:
The amount of signal energy lost when a device is inserted into a communication line. Also known as <169>feed through<170> loss.

Interlaced Scanning:
A scanning technique to minimize picture flicker while conserving channel bandwidth. Even and odd numbered lines are scanned in separate fields both of which when combined paint one frame or complete picture.

Intermediate Frequency (IF):
A middle range frequency generated after downconversion in any electronic circuitry including a satellite receiver. The majority of all signal amplification, processing and filtering in a receiver occur in the IF range.

Irdeto:
A organization, founded by Ir. den Toonder (hence the name). This organization develops systems for secure data distribution like ppv (pay per view) and ippv (impulse pay per view).
The most well known providers that use Irdeto for their transmissions, are Premiere World, Canal +, Stream and Nova.

Isolator:
A device that allows signals to pass unobstructed in one direction but which attenuates their strength in the reverse direction.

Isolation Loss:
The amount of signal energy lost between two ports of a device. An example is the loss between the feed through port and the tap/drop of a top-off device.

Key compatible card groups:
These are card groups or provider groups, sharing the same keys.

Kilohertz (kHz):
One thousand cycles per second.

Ku-Band:
The microwave frequency band between approximately 11 and 13 GHz used in satellite broadcasting.

Line Amplifier:
An amplifier in a transmission line that boosts the strength of a signal.

Line Splitter:
An active or passive device that divides a signal into two or more signals containing all the original information. A passive splitter feeds an attenuated version of the input signal to the output ports. An active splitter amplifies the input signal to overcome the splitter loss.

Local Oscillator:
A device used to supply a stable single frequency to an upconverter or a downconverter. The local oscillator signal is mixed with the carrier wave to change its frequency.

Logging:
The process of recording the information contained in the data stream between CAM and smart card. The data stream contains, among others, the keys that are used by the provider to manipulate the card.

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA):
A device that receives and amplifies the weak satellite signal reflected by a dish via a feed. C-band LNAs typically have their noise characteristics quoted as noise temperatures rated in degrees Kelvin. Ku-band LNA noise characteristics are usually expressed as a noise figure in decibels.

Low Noise Block (LNB/LNBF):
LNB is short for Low Noise Block. Or to be even more accurate, Low Noise Block Downconverter. A LNB converts the frequency of the captured satellite signal to another frequency. A frequency that can be transported via Coax cable, to be precise. In home satellite systems, the Ku-band is converted to a much lower frequency. Indeed, through the use of a LNB.
LNBF is short for Low Noise Block Feedhorn. This is a LNB in which the feedhorn is already fully integrated. A feedhorn will bundle the energy, captured by your satellite dish. The bundled energy can then be processed by the LNB, much better.

Low Noise Converter (LNC):
An LNA and a conventional downconverter housed in one weatherproof box. This device converts one channel at a time. Channel selection is controlled by the satellite receiver. The typical IF for LNCs is 70 MHz.

Masterkey & Plainmasterkey:
The coded, respectively uncoded 8 byte key, used to trigger certain card functions like "opening" the card.
The Masterkey can be calculated from the sum of the hexserial and the provider group.
So the mathematical formula is simply: hexserial + provider group = masterkey.
The Masterkey is also sometimes referred to as Key00. Whenever the Masterkey is written to the card, that is done uncoded (the plainmasterkey). The plainmasterkey is necessary for further processing of the key- and channel information.

MegaHertz (MHz):
One millions cycles per second.

Modulator:
A device that modulates a signal, for example an analog signal or an MPEG-2 transport stream onto a radio frequency carrier

Modulation:
A process in which a message is added or encoded onto a carrier wave. Among other methods, this can be accomplished by frequency or amplitude modulation, known as AM or FM, respectively.

MOSC:
Modified Original Smart Card. These are the original provider supplied smart cards.

MPEG:
MPEG is short for Moving Pictures Expert Group.
This is the organization that developed the MPEG standard.
MPEG comes in several versions:
- MPEG-1, mainly used for Video CD and MP3
- MPEG-2, the standard in digital TV, DVD and set top boxes
- MPEG-4, the multi media standard for the web

Multicrypt:
Multicrypt receivers are universal receivers that utilize common interfaces to serve as a carrier for separate CAM's. Multicrypt receivers have been developed under pressure of the market. Their flexibility lies in the possibility to host several CAM's, thus enabling them to accommodate multiple coding systems.

Multiple Analog Component (MAC) Transmissions:
A video/audio/data transmission method that separates the data, chrominance and luminance components and compresses them for sequential relay over one television scan line. There are a number of systems in use and under development including A-MAC, B- MAC, C-MAC, D-MAC, D2-MAC, E-MAC and F-MAC.

Multiple Unit Dwelling (MUD):
MUD Microwave Multipoint Distribution Services - MMDS - A system for distributing television programs via terrestrial microwaves to very small receive dishes

Multiplexing:
The simultaneous transmission of two or more signals over a single communication channel. The interleaving of the luminance and chrominance signals is one form of multiplexing, known as frequency multiplexing. MultiChoice transmissions use time division multiplexing (TDM) whereby data streams are divided in time into interspersed data packets.

Multiplexer:
MUX - A device that takes the outputs from a number of encoders and multiplexes them together to form one data stream

MUX Controller:
A computer that controls the functions of a specific multiplexer pair in a compression system

N-Connector:
A low-loss coaxial cable connector used at the elevated microwave frequencies.

NagraVision:
A coding system which is especially popular among Spanish and Turkish providers.

Nano Codes:
Nanos are commands, sent to the card in order to update the card.

NTSC:
The National Television Standards Committee which created the standard for North American TV broadcasts.

NTSC Color Bar Pattern:
The standard test pattern of six adjacent color bars including the three primary colors plus their three complementary shades.

Negative Picture Phase:
Positioning the composite video signal so that the maximum level of the sync pulses is at 100% amplitude. The brightest picture signals are in the opposite negative direction.

Negative Picture Transmission:
Transmission system used in North America and other countries in which a decrease in illumination of the original scene causes an increase in percentage of modulation of the picture carrier. When demodulated, signals with a higher modulation percentage have more positive voltages.

Noise:
An unwanted signal which interferes with reception of the desired information. Noise is often expressed in degrees Kelvin or in decibels.

Noise Figure:
The ratio of the actual noise power generated at the input of an amplifier to that which would be generated in an ideal resistor. The lower the noise figure, the better the performance.

Noise Temperature:
A measure of the amount of thermal noise present in a system or a device. The lower the noise temperature, the better the performance.

Odd Field:
The half frame of a television scan which is composed of the odd numbered lines.

Offset Feed:
A feed which is offset from the center of a reflector for use in satellite receiving systems. This configuration does not block the dish aperture.

Packet Identity (PID):
A 13-bit number that identifies transport stream packets containing data from a single data stream

Packetizer:
An entity that breaks a stream up into discrete units of data and, usually, encapsulates each packet with extra information used to allow the packets to be reliably re-assembled into the continuous data stream

Packetized Elementary Stream (PES):
An elementary stream that is divided into typically large packets of defined structure before being further packetized for the MPEG transport process

Phase Alternate Line (PAL):
The European/African color TV format which evolved from the American NTSC standard. PAL-I version used in South Africa.

Patching:
Patching means altering the software or firmware to create new possibilities. When we talk about patching receivers (like the famous Allcam patch) it means that the original receiver firmware is modified in such a way that it is able to do more than the manufacturer intended it to do.

The Allcam patch for instance is a modification that allows you to decode multiple coding systems on just 1 CAM. Such Allcam patches are offered for several receivers, on the web.
But also creating a new language version of the receivers operating system, requires a firmware modification and would thus be called a patch.

Pay Per View:
Pay Per View (ppv) as the name implies, is a technique, used to charge a viewer only for the program he/she watches. So with ppv, whenever you want to watch a movie or sport match, you will pay for that program only.

Phase:
A measure of the relative position of a signal relative to a reference expressed in degrees.

Phase Distortion:
A distortion of the phase component of a signal. This occurs when the phase shift of an amplifier is not proportional to frequency over the design bandwidth.

Picture Detail:
The number of picture elements resolved on a television picture screen. More crisp pictures result as the number of picture elements is increased.

Polar Mount:
A dish mount that permits all satellites in the geosynchronous arc to be scanned with movement of only one axis.

Polarisation:
A characteristic of the electromagnetic wave. Four senses of polarisation, determined by the direction of the electric field, are used in satellite transmissions: horizontal; vertical; right-hand circular; and left-hand circular.

Positive Picture Phase:
Positioning of the composite video signal so that the maximum point of the sync pulses is at zero voltage. The brightest illumination is caused by the most positive voltages.

PPUA:
The PPUA or Program Provider User Address is a 4 byte long code, composed of 2 separate codes. The first 3 bytes of the PPUA are called the Shared Address, the last byte of the PPUA is the Customer Word Pointer. The PPUA is used to identify and address cards.

Preamplifier:
The first amplification stage. In a terrestrial receive system, it is the amplifier mounted adjacent to an antenna to increase a weak signal prior to its processing at the headend

Pre-emphasis:
Increases in the higher frequency components of an FM signal before transmission. Used in conjunction with the proper amount of de- emphasis at the receiver, it results in combating the higher noise detected in FM transmissions.

Pre-Enabling:
Making subscription products available on the decoding device before release into marketplace

Presentation Time Stamp (PTS):
A 33-bit field indicating when the packetised elementary stream (PES) packet should be presented to the user (90 kHz base reference)

Prime Focus Dish:
A parabolic dish having the feed/LNA assembly at the focal point directly in the front of the dish.

Provider Group & Provider ID:
A 3 byte hexadecimal number to identify a card. The first 2 bytes identify the Provider Group, the 3rd byte is the Provider ID and is either 00 or 10. So only 2 different ID's are used. Most providers are addressed using Provider ID 00. One exception is German Provider Premiere World who uses Provider ID 10.

Program Clock Reference (PCR):
A counter based on a 27 MHz time-base used to synchronize the presentation of data arriving in different data streams on the multiplex (asynchronouly). The PCR is split into two sections when supplied - 33 bits giving 1/90 kHz resolution and a 9-bit extension to fine-tune to 27 MHz

Program Map Table (PMT):
A table that identifies the data streams that comprise a service and provides other data used for decoding these services

Program Specific Information (PSI):
Information provided in a format defined by MPEG to convey the essential data a decoder must have to receive one or more services make up of elementary streams. It consists primarily of the program association table (PAT), program map table (PMT) and conditional access table (CAT), although it also introduces the network informat

Programme Stream (PS):
An MPEG 2 multiplex with variable length packets that are typically large - intended for low error rate transport media with only a single programme, for example CD-ROM ion table (NIT)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK):
A modulation technique used on satellite transmissions that uses phase shifts of a carrier wave to relay 4 symbols per cycle

Q Signal:
One of two color video signal components used to modulate the color subcarrier. It represents the color range from yellowish to green to magenta.

Radio Frequency (RF):
The approximately 10 kHz to 100 GHz electromagnetic band of frequencies used for man-made communication.

Raster:
The random pattern of illumination seen on a television screen when no video signal is present.

Reed Switch:
A mechanical switch which uses two thin slivers of metal in a glass tube to make and break electrical contact and thus to count pulses which are sent to the dish actuator controller. The position of the slivers of metal is governed by a magnetic field applied by a bar or other type of magnet.

Reference Signal:
A highly stable signal used as a standard against which other variable signals may be compared and adjusted.

Return Loss:
A ratio of the amount of reflected signal to the total available signal entering a device expressed in decibels.

Retrace:
The blanked-out line traced by the scanning beam of a picture tube as it travels from the end of any horizontal line to the beginning of either the next horizontal line or field.

SAS:
SAS means subscriber authorization system. The SAS translates the subscriber information into EMM's. Also the SAS ensures that the necessary authorization is available to view a certain channel or program.

Satellite Receiver:
The indoors electronic component of an earth station which downconverts, processes and prepares satellite signals for viewing or listening.

SAW Filter:
A solid state filter that yields a sharp transition between regions of transmitted and attenuated frequencies.

Scanning:
The organized process of moving the electron beam in a television picture tube so an entire scene is drawn as a sequential series of horizontal lines connected by horizontal and vertical retraces.

Scrambling:
A method of altering the identity of a video or audio signal so it cannot be received intelligibly in order to prevent its reception by persons not having authorized decoders.

Screening:
A metal, concrete or natural material that screens out unwanted TI from entering a dish or a metal shield that prevents the ingress of unwanted RF signals in an electronic circuit.

SECA:
Société Européenne de Contrôle d'Accès (SECA), see Aston Seca.

Section:
A portion of a table that conforms to the MPEG defined syntex

Serrated Vertical Pulse:
The television vertical sync pulse which is subdivided into six serrations. These sub-pulses occur at twice the horizontal scanning frequency.

Service:
Also called a channel (for instance Eurosport), to which a TV or decoder is tuned. A Service Provider offers one or more services and negotiates with the SMS Operator to market his services as one or more products

Service Provider:
The company or institution that provides one or more services like for instance broadcasting satellite television.

Servo Hunting:
An oscillatory searching of the feedhorn probe when use of inadequate gauge control cables results in insufficient voltage at the feedhorn.

Shared Address:
The Shared Address (SA) are the first 3 bytes of the PPUA and is used to address cards groupwise. A card group can contain a maximum of 256 individual cards.

Side Lobe:
A parameter used to describe the ability of a dish to detect off-axis signals. The larger the side lobes, the more noise and interference a dish can detect.

Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC):
A satellite transmission system that employs a separate carrier for each channel, as opposed to frequency division multiplexing that combines many channels on a single carrier.

Signal Dropout:
The loss of signal that occurs when the signal becomes too weak to be usable

Signal-to-Noise Ratio:
S/N - The ratio of signal power to noise power in a specified bandwidth, usually expressed in decibels

Signature:
The signature (the authentication code) is a 5 byte hexadecimal code and is used to secure the data stream. The signature is a kind of checksum control for the data stream.

Skew:
A term used to describe the adjustment necessary to fine tune the feed polarity detector when scanning between satellites.

Smart card:
A Chipcardcontaining a processor and some memory. The memory on the card can be altered either by software on a PC and using a programmer as an interface to the card, or it can be altered by the CAM/receiver by means of instructions which are contained in the data stream of the satellite signal.

Subsciber Management System (SMS):
SMS or subscriber management system. The SMS is a subsystem of the CA. It manages the information about a subscriber (such as number, names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc... ) and requests EMM's from the SAS.

SMS-Operator/Provider:
The SMS Operator manages customers who subscribe to one or more services. The Service Provider requests that the SMS Operator manages and gather subscription fees from his subscribers and also perform other tasks

Snow:
Video noise or sparklies caused by an insufficient signal- to-noise input ratio to a television set or monitor. r subscriber-related tasks

Solar Outage:
The loss of reception that occurs when the sun is positioned directly behind a target satellite. When this occurs, solar noise drowns out the satellite signal and reception is lost.

Sparklies:
Small black and/or white dashes in a television picture indicating an insufficient signal-to-noise ratio. Also known as snow.

Spherical Dish:
A dish system using a section of a spherical reflector to focus one or more satellite signals to one or a series of focal areas.

Splitter:
A device that takes a signal and splits it into two or more identical but lower power signals.

Subcarrier:
A signal that is transmitted within the bandwidth of a stronger signal. In satellite transmissions a 6.8 MHz audio subcarrier is often used to modulate the C-band carrier.

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW):
A sound or acoustic wave traveling on the surface of the optically polished surface of a piezoelectric material. This wave travels at the speed of sound but can pass frequencies as high as several gigahertz.

Synchronizing Pulses:
Pulses imposed on the composite baseband video signal used to keep the television picture scanning in perfect step with the scanning at the television camera. See SAW Filter.

Table:
An MPEG structure that can be updated in sections and which can contain any of a variety of data

Thermal Noise:
Random, undesired electrical signals caused by molecular motion, known more familiarly as noise.

Time-Shifted Event:
The same program broadcast on two or more channels, each broadcast starting a fixed period of time after the previous one. This is mainly intended for PPV. For example, the same movie can be started on nine different channels, each delay 10 minutes from the previous one. A subscriber then has to wait a maximum of 10 minutes for the start of this movie. The fact that the same movie is transmitted more tha

Trace:
The movement of the electron beam from left to right on a television screen. n once is usually transparent to the subscriber.

Threshold:
A minimal signal to noise input required to allow a satellite receiver to deliver an acceptable picture.

Transponder:
One circuit on a satellite that receives, modulates, amplifiers and re-transmits an uplinked signal

Transport Stream:
An MPEG-2 multiplex with short, fixed-length packets carrying many programs intended for general broadcast over potentially error-prone media, such as a satellite broadcast.

Trap:
An electronic device that attenuates a selected band of frequencies in a signal. Also known as a notch filter.

UHF:
Ultrahigh frequencies ranging from 300 to 3,000 MHz. North American TV channels 14 through 83. African and European TV channels 21 to 69.

Upconverter:
A device that increases the frequency of a transmitted signal.

Uplink:
The earth station electronics and antenna which transmit information to a communication satellite.

Vertical Blanking Pulse:
A pulse used during the vertical retrace period at the end of each scanning field to extinguish illumination from the electron beam.

Vertical Sync Pulse:
A series of pulses which occur during the vertical blanking interval to synchronize the scanning process at the television with that created at the studio. See also Serrated Vertical Pulse

VHF:
Very high frequencies. The lower frequency range for terrestrial television broadcasts.

Viaccess:
A coding system which is gaining increased popularity among providers lately. Viaccess is widely used in France and by several providers in the north east of Europe. It is a relative newcomer.

Videoguard:
A coding system that is used by English based Sky Television mainly.